The nuclei of the lateral lemniscus: unexpected players in the descending auditory pathway

IntroductionIn the mammalian auditory pathway, the nuclei of the lateral lemniscus (NLL) are thought to be exclusively involved in the bottom-up transmission of auditory information. However, our repeated observation of numerous NLL neurons labeled after injection of retrograde tracers into the superior olivary complex (SOC) led us to systematically investigate with retrograde tracers the descending projections from the NLL to the SOC of the rat.MethodsWe performed large injections of FluoroGold into the SOC to determine NLL contributions to descending projections, and focal injections of biotinylated dextran amine (BDA) to pinpoint the specific nuclei of the SOC innervated by each NLL.ResultsThe SOC is innervated by thousands of neurons distributed across four nuclei or regions associated with the lateral lemniscus: the ipsilateral ventral and intermediate nuclei of the lateral lemniscus (VNLL and INLL); the medial paralemniscal region (PL) of both sides; and the ipsilateral semilunar nucleus (SLN), a previously unrecognized nucleus that wraps around the INLL dorsally, medially, and caudally and consists of small, flat neurons. In some experiments, at least 30% of neurons in the VNLL and INLL were retrogradely labeled. All nuclei of the SOC, except the medial and lateral superior olives, are innervated by abundant lemniscal neurons, and each SOC nucleus receives a unique combination of lemniscal inputs. The primary target of the projections from the VNLL is the ventral nucleus of the trapezoid body (VNTB), followed by the superior paraolivary nucleus (SPON), and the medial nucleus of the trapezoid body (MNTB). The INLL selectively innervates the VNTB. The PL innervates dorsal periolivary regions bilaterally. The SLN preferentially innervates the MNTB and may provide the first identified non-calyceal excitatory input to MNTB neurons.DiscussionOur novel findings have strong implications for understanding acoustic information processing in the initial stages of the auditory pathway. Based on the proportion of lemniscal neurons involved in all the projections described, the NLL should be considered major players in the descending auditory pathway

Ciclo de seminarios sobre salud y alimentación infantil.

Memoria ID-186. Ayudas de la Universidad de Salamanca para la innovación docente, curso 2013-2014

Evaluación del impacto de la gestión ambiental en los resultados económicos de la cantera Villa Paula SAS

Trabajo de InvestigaciónEn este documento se analiza el impacto de la gestión ambiental en los resultados económicos de una Cantera ubicada en Bogotá Colombia, para ello se realiza un análisis mediante tres pilares, los aspectos teóricos de la gestión ambiental, el análisis de la situación ambiental y financiera actual y por ultimo el impacto de dichas acciones ambientales en los resultados económicos de la cantera.1. Introducción 2. Levantamiento de información 3. Capitulo 1. Aspectos teóricos metodológicos sobre la gestión ambiental y su relación con los resultados económicos empresariales. 4. Capitulo 2. Análisis de la situación actual de la gestión ambiental y financiera de la Cantera Villa Paula SAS. 5. Capitulo 3. Impacto de la gestión ambiental en los resultados económicos de la Cantera Villa Paula. 6. Conclusiones 7. Recomendaciones 8. Bibliografia 9. AnexosEspecializaciónEspecialista en Análisis y Administración Financier

How much of precipitation over the Euroregion Galicia - Northern Portugal is due to tropical-origin cyclones?: A Lagrangian approach

Xunta de Galicia | Ref. ED431C 2021/44Agencia Estatal de Investigación | Ref. PID2021-122314OB-I00Universidade de Vigo/CISU

Double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled trial of allergen-specific immunotherapy with the major allergen Alt a1

Background: There have been fewstudies conducted on the efficacy and safety of specific immunotherapy with allergen extracts of fungi compared with other allergen extracts, and there are no data on the major allergen Alt a 1 of the fungus Alternaria alternata. Objectives: We sought to evaluate the efficacy and safety of subcutaneous immunotherapy with 2 different doses of Alt a 1 in patients with rhinoconjunctivitis caused by sensitization to A alternata. Method: We performed a multicenter, randomized, doubleblind, placebo-controlled trial with Alt a 1 administered subcutaneously in patients with allergic rhinoconjunctivitis with or without controlled asthma aged 12 to 65 years. Three groups were included: the placebo group and active groups receiving 0.2 or 0.37 mg of Alt a 1 per dose. The main end point was the combined symptom and medication score. Secondary end points were cutaneous reactivity and serum IgE and IgG4 levels to Alta 1. Recorded adverse reactions were graded according to World Allergy Organization criteria. Results: There were significant reductions in the combined symptom and medication score for the 0.37-mg dose of Alt a 1 compared with placebo at 12 months of treatment. Reduced cutaneous reactivity and IgE levels, together with increased IgG4 levels, were demonstrated for the 2 active groups versus the placebo group. A similar safety profile was found for both active groups compared with the placebo group. No serious adverse drug reactions were reported. Conclusion: Immunotherapy with Alt a 1 was efficacious and safe, reducing the symptoms and medication consumption associated with rhinoconjunctivitis after only 1 year of treatment. The clinical benefits were associated with reduced skin reactivity and specific IgE levels and increased IgG4 levels

Variability of moisture sources in the Mediterranean region during the period 1980-2000

In this study, seasonal and interannual variability of the main atmospheric moisture sources over eight regions in the Mediterranean basin were investigated along a 21 year period. The Lagrangian dispersion model FLEXPART, developed by Stohl and James [2004, 2005], was applied to identify the contribution of humidity to the moisture budget of each region. This methodology is used to compute budgets of evaporation minus precipitation (E-P) by calculating changes in the specific humidity along backward trajectories, for the preceding 10 day periods. The results show clear seasonal differences in the moisture sources between wet and dry seasons. The Western Mediterranean Sea is the dominant moisture source for almost all the regions in the Mediterranean basin during the wet season, while the local net evaporation dominates during the dry season. The highest interannual variability is found in contributions to the Iberian Peninsula, Italy, and the Eastern Mediterranean. It is seen that the role of teleconnections is more limited than for the precipitation recorded in the region

Propuestas de mejora en el proceso de la solicitud comercial en Milestone para minimizar el tiempo de respuesta

En la elaboración del artículo se logra identificar cuatro (4) soluciones óptimas, para rediseñar y mejorar el tiempo de respuesta; se realizó un diagnostico en Milestone donde se puede observar que la entrega de la cotización es máximo de 90 días calendario, esta problemática permitió hacer una investigación de las herramientas apropiadas para minimizar este tiempo, al realizar la investigación mediante un brainstorming teniendo como principal herramienta Lean Desing. El rediseño del proceso, formulario dinámico, tablero Kanban y capacitación como soluciones viables, con alcances definidos en cada una de estas estrategias dentro de la ejecución del proyecto. Las herramientas tecnológicas se muestran como una gestión potente y muy útil en la elaboración de tableros Kanban ya que nos muestran el desarrollo de nuestros proyectos y la implementación de las características de la teoría lean. Con estas herramientas se logra suplir las necesidades que tiene Milestone, y conseguirá aumentar la eficiencia en la ejecución en cada una los objetivos de la compañía.PregradoIngeniero en IndustrialIngeniería Industria

Origin and function of short-latency inputs to the neural substrates underlying the acoustic startle reflex

The acoustic startle reflex (ASR) is a survival mechanism of alarm, which rapidly alerts the organism to a sudden loud auditory stimulus. In rats, the primary ASR circuit encompasses three serially connected structures: cochlear root neurons (CRNs), neurons in the caudal pontine reticular nucleus (PnC), and motoneurons in the medulla and spinal cord. It is well-established that both CRNs and PnC neurons receive short-latency auditory inputs to mediate the ASR. Here, we investigated the anatomical origin and functional role of these inputs using a multidisciplinary approach that combines morphological, electrophysiological and behavioral techniques. Anterograde tracer injections into the cochlea suggest that CRNs somata and dendrites receive inputs depending, respectively, on their basal or apical cochlear origin. Confocal colocalization experiments demonstrated that these cochlear inputs are immunopositive for the vesicular glutamate transporter 1 (VGLUT1). Using extracellular recordings in vivo followed by subsequent tracer injections, we investigated the response of PnC neurons after contra-, ipsi-, and bilateral acoustic stimulation and identified the source of their auditory afferents. Our results showed that the binaural firing rate of PnC neurons was higher than the monaural, exhibiting higher spike discharges with contralateral than ipsilateral acoustic stimulations. Our histological analysis confirmed the CRNs as the principal source of short-latency acoustic inputs, and indicated that other areas of the cochlear nucleus complex are not likely to innervate PnC. Behaviorally, we observed a strong reduction of ASR amplitude in monaural earplugged rats that corresponds with the binaural summation process shown in our electrophysiological findings. Our study contributes to understand better the role of neuronal mechanisms in auditory alerting behaviors and provides strong evidence that the CRNs-PnC pathway mediates fast neurotransmission and binaural summation of the ASR

The relative effects of upwelling and river flow on the phytoplankton diversity patterns in the ria of A Coruña (NW Spain)

Phytoplankton species assemblages in estuaries are connected to those in rivers and marine environments by local hydrodynamics leading to a continuous flow of taxa. This study revealed differential effects of upwelling and river flow on phytoplankton communities observed in 2011 along a salinity gradient from a river reservoir connected to the sea through a ria-marine bay system in A Coruña (NW Spain, 43° 16-21’ N, 8° 16-22’ W). With 130 phytoplankton taxa identified, the assemblages were dominated in general by diatoms, particularly abundant in the bay and in the estuary, but also by chlorophycea and cyanobacteria in the reservoir. Considering the entire seasonal cycle, the local assemblages were mainly characterized by changes in cryptophytes and diatoms, small dinoflagellates and some freshwater chlorophycea. Salinity, nitrate, and organic matter variables, were the main environmental factors related to the changes in the phytoplankton communities through the system, while phosphate and nitrite were also important for local communities in the estuary and the bay, respectively. The corresponding local phytoplankton assemblages showed moderate levels of connectivity. The estuarine community shared a variable number of taxa with the adjacent zones, depending on the relative strength of upwelling (major influence from the bay) and river flow (major influence of the reservoir) but had on average 35% of unique taxa. Consequently, local and zonal diversity patterns varied seasonally and were not simply related to the salinity gradient driven by the river flow.ANILE (CTM2009-08396 and CTM2010-08804-E), FIOME (CTM2011-28792-C02-01-MAR), and MEFIO (CTM2011-28792-C02-02-MAR) of the Plan Nacional de I+D+i (Spain), and RADIALES of the Instituto Español de Oceanografía (IEO, Spain).Versión del editor2,01

A greve, o carnaval e os comícios: O mundo do trabalho portuário em Buenos Aires e a configuração de uma comunidade obreira, verão de 1904

Objetivo/contexto: El presente trabajo indaga sobre el proceso de configuración de una comunidad obrera en el puerto de Buenos Aires, resultado de la acción de los trabajadores y habitantes del barrio obrero a inicios del siglo XX. Originalidad: En el cruce de diversas historiografías (historia social, cultural y política), aquí se propone mirar de manera conjunta la dimensión laboral, la conflictividad obrera, el tiempo de la fiesta o carnaval y la participación electoral, para pensar, desde esta multiplicidad de eventos y experiencias, la aparición de una comunidad obrera radicalizada y con una particular identificación gestada en la movilización durante una época específica a comienzos del siglo XX. Metodología: A partir de una coyuntura significativa, como fueron los meses de fines de 1903 e inicios de 1904 en el barrio portuario, y basado en un variado conjunto de documentos (periódicos comerciales, barriales, gremiales, de las izquierdas, revistas de actualidad, informes policiales, fotografías, entre otros), el artículo reconstruye la experiencia obrera en los escenarios de la protesta, el carnaval y la votación para diputados celebrada durante ese verano. Al mismo tiempo, se ponderan aquí la dimensión territorial de la configuración comunitaria y los lugares centrales de la trama conformada por la protesta, la fiesta y las elecciones. Conclusiones: El análisis permite identificar que las sociabilidades obreras en el puerto consolidaron una comunidad, afincada en solidaridades familiares, corporativas, partidistas y vecinales obreras, en tiempos de movilización gremial, política y festiva, y de confrontación radicalizada con el Estado y las empresas.Objective/context: This paper inquires about the process of emergence of a working-class community in the port of Buenos Aires, resulting from actions by workers and inhabitants of the working-class neighborhood at the beginning of the 20th century. Originality: At the crossroads of diverse historiographies (social, cultural and political history), this paper proposes a joint regard at the labor dimension, worker disputes, carnival celebrations and electoral participation, and to use this multiplicity of events and experiences to think about the emergence of a radicalized worker community, with a particular identity gestated in the mobilization during a specific time at the beginning of the 20th century. Methodology: The months from late 1903 to early 1904 were an important juncture in the port district, and based on a diverse set of documents (commercial, neighborhood, trade and left-wing newspapers, news magazines, police reports, photographs, among others), this paper reconstructs the worker experience in three settings converging in the summer months: protest, carnival and legislative polls. At the same time, it ponders the territorial dimension of community configuration and the key places that formed the backdrop to a story of protest, celebration, and elections. Conclusions: This analysis shows us that worker sociabilities around the port consolidated a community based on family, corporate, partisan, neighborhood and worker solidarities, in times of labor, political and festive mobilization, and of radicalized confrontation with the State and with corporations.Objetivo/contexto: O presente trabalho indaga sobre o processo de configuração de uma comunidade obreira no porto de Buenos Aires, resultado da ação dos trabalhadores e habitantes do bairro obreiro no início do século XX. Originalidade: No cruzamento de diversas historiografias (história social, cultural e política), propõe-se aqui observar, de maneira conjunta, a dimensão laboral, a conflituosidade obreira, o tempo da festa ou carnaval e a participação eleitoral para pensar, a partir dessa multiplicidade de eventos e experiências, a aparição de uma comunidade obreira radicalizada e com uma identificação particular gestada na mobilização durante uma época específica no começo do século XX. Metodologia: A partir de uma conjuntura significativa, como foi o final de 1903 e início de 1904 no bairro portuário e baseado em um variado conjunto de documentos (jornais comerciais, de bairros, de grêmios, das esquerdas, revistas de atualidades, relatórios policiais, fotografias, entre outros), o artigo reconstrói a experiência obreira nos cenários do protesto, do carnaval e da votação para deputados celebrada nesse verão. Ao mesmo tempo, ponderam-se aqui a dimensão territorial da configuração comunitária e os lugares centrais da trama formada pelo protesto, pela festa e pelas eleições. Conclusões: A análise permite identificar que as sociabilidades obreiras no porto consolidaram uma comunidade, estabelecida em solidariedades familiares, corporativas, partidaristas e de vizinhanças obreiras, em tempos de mobilização gremial, política e festiva, e de confronto radicalizado com o Estado e com as empresas.Fil: Caruso, Laura Gabriela. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas; Argentina. Universidad Nacional de San Martin. Instituto de Altos Estudios Sociales. Centro de Estudios de Historia E Historia del Arte.; Argentin